E-ISSN:2583-2468

Research Article

Solar Photovoltaic

Applied Science and Engineering Journal for Advanced Research

2022 Volume 1 Number 4 July
Publisherwww.singhpublication.com

A Hybrid Environment Friendly Energy System with Solar Photovoltaic and Diesel Generator

Rajput G1*, Sarkar N2
DOI:10.54741/asejar.1.4.1

1* Gaurav Rajput, M Tech Scholar, Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Integral University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India.

2 Nitesh Sarkar, M Tech Scholar, Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Integral University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India.

We will examine the advantages of solar photovoltaic modules over diesel generators in this paper. To demonstrate this, we compared the emissions of greenhouse gases and the global warming potential (GWP) of solar photovoltaic modules and diesel generators. Because carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide, and methane have such a large impact on the environment, we looked at these three GHGs together. We've assumed a 100kw load for the sake of ease of calculation.

Keywords: energy system, solar, photovoltaic

Corresponding Author How to Cite this Article To Browse
Gaurav Rajput, M Tech Scholar, Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Integral University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India.
Email: 		Rajput G, Sarkar N, A Hybrid Environment Friendly Energy System with Solar Photovoltaic and Diesel Generator. Appl. Sci. Eng. J. Adv. Res.. 2022;1(4):1-7.
Available From
https://asejar.singhpublication.com/index.php/ojs/article/view/22

Manuscript Received Review Round 1 Review Round 2 Review Round 3 Accepted
2022-06-11 2022-06-30 2022-07-12
Conflict of Interest Funding Ethical Approval Plagiarism X-checker Note
None Nil Yes 11.17

© 2022by Rajput G, Sarkar Nand Published by Singh Publication. This is an Open Access article licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ unported [CC BY 4.0].

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Gaurav R et al. A Hybrid Environment Friendly Energy System

Introduction

As a gas in the atmosphere, a greenhouse gas (sometimes abbreviated GHG) is capable of absorbing and emitting thermal infrared radiation. The greenhouse effect is primarily due to this process. In the absence of greenhouse gases, the Earth's surface would be 33°C colder, or 59°F lower than the current average of 14 °C (57°F). In accordance with Kyoto protocol (The Kyoto Protocol is an agreement under which industrialised countries will reduce their collective emissions of greenhouse gases by 5.2% from 1990). Six greenhouse gases (carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide and sulphur hexafluoride) are to be reduced in order to reduce the overall greenhouse gas emissions. According to the Kyoto Protocol, there are six types of Greenhouse Gases. Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), carbon monoxide (CO), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), carbon dioxide (CO2), sulphur hexafluoride (SF6), and nitrous oxide (N2O) (SF6).

Methane accounts for about 15% of the human-induced greenhouse effect. When organic compounds decay (through putrefaction or fermentation) in an absence of air (actually in an absence of oxygen), they produce methane, which is the primary component of "natural gas" (and also the cooking gas of most people, and...the firedamp so feared by coalminers). Nitrous oxide (N2O), which generates roughly 5% of the human-induced greenhouse effect, also produces methane, which is the primary component of "natural gas." Microbes in the soil produce this gas as a byproduct of their activity (and it is obviously linked to the nitrogen cycle), so it can be found in humid areas. Approximately 55% of the human-induced greenhouse effect is attributed to CO2 emissions. For the most part, this comes from the use of fossil fuels (coal, oil, and natural gas), with a small portion coming from industrial processes (such as cement production), which do not include combustion.

All Green House Gases should be measured in mass units of Carbon dioxide equivalents, regardless of their source or method of calculation. CO2 equivalent form can be achieved by multiplying a gas other than CO2 with its Global Warming Potentials (GWP). Because different GHGs have different abilities to trap heat, the GWP (global warming potential) concept was developed.

asejar_22_01.JPG
Figure 1: Different types of green house gases.

Environmental Issue

asejar_22_02.JPG
Figure 2: Graph showing emission percentage growth of CO2 for different years


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Gaurav R et al. A Hybrid Environment Friendly Energy System

To put it another way, if co2 emissions were 100 kilogrammes in 2009, they would be 125 kilogrammes by 2019 and, by the end of the decade, they would be 50 percent higher than they were in 2009, i.e. 200 kilogrammes. The graph below shows the annual increase in carbon dioxide emissions. It shows an estimate of the percentage increase in CO2 over time, based on historical data.

Calculations

Calculation of CO2 emission from diesel generators:

CO2 emission = Fossil fuel consumption in volume unit x

CO2 emission factor

We have assumed 100kw load and 100kw diesel generator consumes

2.6 gallon /hour for ¼ load of generator.

4.1 gallon /hour for ½ load of generator.

5.8 gallon /hour for ¾ load of generator.

7.4 gallon /hour for full load of generator.

But,  1gallon= 4.5 lit.

CO2 emission for ¼ load = 11.7 X 2.65= 31.005

CO2 emission for ½ load= 18.45 X 2.65= 48.8925

CO2 emission for ¾ load= 26.1 X 2.65= 69.165

CO2 emission for full load= 33.3 X 2.65= 88.245

For SPV we have taken CO2 emission amount from the reference papers.

CO2 emission for SPV 32g /kWh. So 100kw load will produced

= 3.2kg of CO2.

Calculation of CH4 emission from diesel generators:

CH4 emission for ¼ load = 11.7 X 0.00036 = 0.004212

CH4 emission for ½ load= 18.45 X 0.00036 = 0.006642

CH4emission for ¾ load= 26.1 X 0.00036 = 0.009396

CH4emission for full load=33.3 X 0.00036 = 0.011988

Calculation of N2O emission from diesel generators:

N2O emission for ¼ load = 11.7 X 0.000021 = 0.0002457

N2O emission for ½ load= 18.45 X 0.000021 = 0.00038745

N2O emission for ¾ load= 26.1 X 0.000021 = 0.0005481

N2O emission for full load=33.3 X 0.000021 = 0.000699

Global Warming Potential

The global warming potential (GWP) is influenced by both the molecule's greenhouse gas efficiency and the time it takes for it to accumulate in the atmosphere.

Measured in terms of CO2 equivalent mass, the GWP is evaluated over a specific time frame. This means that in terms of global warming potential, a gas with high (positive) radiative forcing but a short life expectancy will have a high GWP over the next 20 years, but a low GWP over the next 100.

When considering GWP, the longer the molecule's life span in the atmosphere, the greater the GWP. It is universally accepted that carbon dioxide has a GWP of 1.

In terms of global warming potential (GWP), a greenhouse gas' ability to trap heat in the atmosphere is measured as a percentage of that gas's GWP. Similar mass of carbon dioxide can be used to measure the amount of heat trapped by a given mass of gas in question.


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In order to calculate a GWP, you must use a specific time horizon, usually 20, 100, or 500 years in the future. The global warming potential (GWP) is measured as a percentage of CO2 emissions (whose GWP is standardised to 1).

If the same mass of methane and carbon dioxide were released into our atmosphere over the next two decades with no mitigation, methane's long-term global warming potential (GWP) would be 86 times greater than carbon dioxide's.

There is a 12 3-year atmospheric lifetime for methane, and it has a GWP over 20 years of 72; 100 years of 25; and 500 years of 7.6 for methane.

Chemical reactions in the atmosphere break down methane into water and carbon dioxide, which lowers the GWP over time.

Table 1: GWP of green house gases

FormulaGWPFor20 yearsGWPFor100 yearsGWPFor500 years
Carbon dioxideCO2111
MethaneCH472257.6
Nitrous OxideN2O289298153

Total GHG emission (in CO2 equivalent) =(CO2 emission) +(CH4 emission X GWP) + (N20 emission X GWP)

For 20 years time scale

For ¼ load

Total GHG Emission (IN CO2 equivalent)=31.005x1 +  0.004212x72 + 0.0002457x289

= 31.3792713

For ½ load

Total GHG Emission (in CO2 equivalent) = 48.8925x1 + 0.006642x72 + 0.00038745x289

= 49.4827

For 3/4 load

Total GHG Emission (in CO2 equivalent) = 69.165x1 + 0.009396x72 + 0.0005481x289

= 69.9999

For full load.

Total GHG Emission (in CO2 equivalent) = 88.245x1 + 0.011988x72 + 0.6006993x289

= 262.71

For 100 years

For ¼ load

Total GHG Emission (IN CO2 equivalent)=31.005x1 +  0.004212x25 + 0.0002457x298

= 31.18

For ½ load

Total GHG Emission (in CO2 equivalent) = 48.8925x1 + 0.006642x25 + 0.00038745x298

= 49.17

For 3/4 load

Total GHG Emission (in CO2 equivalent) = 69.165x1 + 0.009396x25 + 0.0005481x298

= 69.5632

For full load.

Total GHG Emission (in CO2 equivalent) = 88.245x1 + 0.011988x25 + 0.6006993x298

= 267.54

For 500 years

For ¼ load

Total GHG Emission (IN CO2 equivalent)=31.005x1 +  0.004212x7.6 + 0.0002457x153

= 31

For ½ load

Total GHG Emission (in CO2 equivalent) = 48.8925x1 + 0.006642x7.6 + 0.00038745x153

= 49

For 3/4 load


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Total GHG Emission (in CO2 equivalent) = 69.165x1 + 0.009396x7.6 + 0.0005481x153

= 69.3

For full load.

Total GHG Emission (in CO2 equivalent) = 88.245x1 + 0.011988x7.6 + 0.6006993x153

= 180.243

Loads/yrs.GWP for diff. load & time scale
For 20 yrs.For 100yrsFor 500 yrs.
¼ load31.379271331.1831
½ load49.482749.1749
¾ load69.999969.563269.3
Full load262.71267.54180.243

HARMFUL EFFECTS OF GREEN HOUSE GASES

Carbon dioxide harmful effects

Exposure limits(% in air)Health Effects
2-3Unnoticed at rest, but on exertion there may be marked shortness of breath
3Breathing becomes noticeably deeper and more frequent at rest
3-5Breathing rhythm accelerates. Repeated exposure provokes headaches
5Breathing becomes extremely laboured, headaches, sweating and bounding pulse
7.5Rapid breathing, increased heart rate, headaches, sweating, dizziness, shortness of breath, muscular weakness, loss of mental abilities, drowsiness, and ringing in the ears
8-15Headache, vertigo, vomiting, loss of consciousness and possibly death if the patient is not immediately given oxygen
10Respiratory distress develops rapidly with loss of consciousness in 10-15 minutes
15Lethal concentration, exposure to levels above this are intolerable
25+Convulsions occur and rapid loss of consciousness ensues after a few breaths. Death will occur if level is maintained.

Methane harmful effects

S.NODisease
1.Cough
2.Rapid breathing
3.Rapid heart rate
4.CNS depression
5.Blurred vision

Nitrous oxide harmful effects

S.NO.Disease
1.Hypoxia
2.Sinus

GREENHOUSE GASES COMPARISON CHARTS

asejar_22_03.JPG
Figure 3: CO2 emission level Comparison chart between Diesel generator & Solar photo voltaic

asejar_22_04.JPG
Figure 4: CH4 emission level Comparison chart between Diesel generator & Solar photo voltaic

asejar_22_05.JPG
Figure 5: N2O emission level Comparison chart between Diesel generator & Solar photo voltaic

Emission levels of diesel generators and SPV modules are shown in all of these comparison charts. Emission levels of the diesel generator and the solar power plant (SPV) are shown in dark grey and light grey, respectively.

So, based on these graphs, we can conclude that diesel generators are the most harmful to our environment and health.

Conclusion

Diesel generator and solar photovoltaic module emissions of greenhouse gases (GHG) were compared. Our calculations show that diesel generators emit significantly more greenhouse gases than solar photovoltaic modules, and we also found that the higher levels of emissions from diesel generators result in significant health issues for humans.


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Consequently, we can conclude that solar power is safer and healthier because it causes fewer health issues and has a lower environmental impact.

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8. Karanjkar Dnyaneshwar, S, Chatterji, S, Amod Kumar, & Shimi. (2014). Fuzzy adaptive proportional-integral-derivative controller with dynamic setpoint adjustment for maximum power point tracking in solar photovoltaic system. Systems Science & Control Engineering: An Open Access Journal, 2(1), 562-582.


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