E-ISSN:2583-2468

Research Article

Waste Management

Applied Science and Engineering Journal for Advanced Research

2024 Volume 3 Number 6 November
Publisherwww.singhpublication.com

Innovative Waste Management: Incorporating CETP Sludge in Concrete for Sustainable Construction

C SK1*, S U2, G D S3
DOI:10.5281/zenodo.14061517

1* Sandeep Kumar C, PG Student, Department of Civil Engineering, Sri Siddhartha Institute of Technology, Tumakuru, Karnataka, India.

2 Usha S, Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Sri Siddhartha Institute of Technology, Tumakuru, Karnataka, India.

3 Shivaraju G D, Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Sri Siddhartha Institute of Technology, Tumakuru, Karnataka, India.

In response to growing concerns about environmental sustainability and waste management, the exploration of alternative construction materials has gained prominence. One such alternative is common effluent treatment plant (CETP) sludge, a by-product of industrial wastewater treatment that poses significant environmental challenges. This study aims to evaluate the feasibility of substituting conventional fine aggregate with CETP sludge in concrete mixtures, addressing waste disposal issues and enhancing the sustainability of concrete construction. The research investigates the physical, chemical, and mechanical properties of CETP sludge to determine its suitability as a partial replacement for fine aggregate. Concrete mixtures with varying percentages of CETP sludge (0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%) will be prepared and evaluated for compressive strength, durability, and workability. The study examines the potential benefits and challenges of incorporating CETP sludge, including its environmental impact, cost-effectiveness, and regulatory compliance. Initial findings suggest that CETP sludge possesses properties that make it a promising candidate for partial fine aggregate replacement. Further investigation will focus on its effect on the fresh and hardened properties of concrete, determining the optimal replacement ratio for desired performance. Environmental assessments will also be conducted to gauge the overall sustainability of concrete mixtures containing CETP sludge. This study aims to provide a novel solution for the responsible disposal of CETP sludge and promote environmentally friendly alternatives in construction. The research will explore the specific mechanical and durability properties of concrete with 10% CETP sludge replacement, aiming to identify an optimal balance between environmental benefits and structural integrity. The outcomes will contribute valuable insights into sustainable construction practices, encourage waste utilization in a circular economy, and reduce the environmental footprint of concrete materials.

Keywords: industrial waste, sustainable construction, fine aggregate replacement, cetp sludge

Corresponding Author How to Cite this Article To Browse
Sandeep Kumar C, PG Student, Department of Civil Engineering, Sri Siddhartha Institute of Technology, Tumakuru, Karnataka, India.
Email: 		C SK, S U, G D S, Innovative Waste Management: Incorporating CETP Sludge in Concrete for Sustainable Construction. Appl. Sci. Eng. J. Adv. Res.. 2024;3(6):1-8.
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https://asejar.singhpublication.com/index.php/ojs/article/view/111

Manuscript Received Review Round 1 Review Round 2 Review Round 3 Accepted
2024-10-03 2024-10-19 2024-11-08
Conflict of Interest Funding Ethical Approval Plagiarism X-checker Note
None Nil Yes 10.21

© 2024by C SK, S U, G D Sand Published by Singh Publication. This is an Open Access article licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ unported [CC BY 4.0].

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Introduction

This research investigates the use of CETP (common effluent treatment plant) sludge as a partial replacement for fine aggregate in concrete, aiming to promote sustainable construction practices. The study begins by exploring the elemental composition of CETP sludge and its potential suitability for use in concrete mixes. Previous research has shown that various industrial waste materials, including textile sludge [1][2], textile effluent treatment plant sludge [3][4], and alum sludge [5], can serve as effective alternatives to conventional fine aggregates in concrete. These studies highlight both the advantages and challenges of incorporating industrial waste materials into concrete formulations.

This research seeks to address gap in literature by providing a comprehensive analysis of how CETP sludge impacts concrete properties such as workability, strength, and durability. It draws from earlier studies that have focused on effects of industrial waste on concrete strength and microstructure [6][7][8]. Furthermore, research aims to develop optimized mix designs that can enhance concrete performance. Environmental concerns associated with concrete production are also examined, with goal of assessing broader implications of using waste materials like CETP sludge in construction, contributing to growing body of knowledge on sustainable building materials [9][10][11]. Ultimately, this study intends to provide valuable insights into integrating waste materials into concrete manufacturing, paving way for more environmentally conscious construction practices.

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Figure 1: Source of CETP sludge

Initially, wastewater from various industrial sources is collected and directed to a CETP for treatment. Within the treatment plant, the wastewater undergoes a series of physical, chemical, and biological processes aimed at removing pollutants and contaminants. These processes may include sedimentation, filtration, chemical precipitation, biological degradation, and disinfection. As the wastewater moves through the treatment stages, solid materials, organic matter, and other contaminants are separated and accumulated as sludge. This sludge typically consists of a mixture of organic and inorganic substances, including suspended solids, organic compounds, heavy metals, and other pollutants. Once the treatment process is complete, the resulting sludge is collected and processed further to meet regulatory standards and environmental requirements.

This may involve dewatering to reduce moisture content, stabilization to minimize Odors and pathogens, and sometimes further treatment to remove specific contaminants or pollutants. After processing, the CETP sludge may be disposed of in various ways, including land application, landfilling, or incineration. However, there is growing interest in exploring alternative uses for CETP sludge, such as incorporating it into construction materials like concrete, to promote resource recovery and sustainability.

Literature Review

Recent studies have investigated the potential of various industrial waste materials as substitutes in concrete production, highlighting promising advancements in sustainability and concrete performance.


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Chen and Wang (2023) explored incorporation of textile sludge into polypropylene fibre concrete, finding notable improvements in compressive strength, reduced drying shrinkage, and enhanced microstructure, along with effective heavy metal solidification. These findings suggest environmental benefits and practical applications in engineering projects. Similarly, Kaish and Zakaria (2021) examined use of industrial waste as a partial replacement for fine aggregate, achieving workable and dense concrete mixes with satisfactory strength properties, contributing to sustainable construction practices and reducing disposal hazards. In contrast, research by Rajkumar and Pavthra (2020) on textile effluent sludge as a fine aggregate substitute in concrete yielded unfavourable results. The study reported increased water demand, lower strength, and delayed setting, indicating need for further investigation into chemical composition of sludge and its influence on concrete properties. Meanwhile, an earlier study by Zhan and Poon (2015) confirmed feasibility of using textile effluent sludge in concrete block production, achieving environmental and economic benefits, satisfactory engineering properties, and alignment with sustainable development goals, suggesting potential for broader adoption after further optimization. In another relevant study, Kaish and Breesem (2018) explored effects of pre-treated alum sludge on high-strength self-compacting concrete. Their findings demonstrated significant improvements in concrete properties, supporting use of alum sludge as a sustainable material that enhances performance while mitigating environmental impact. Collectively, these studies underscore potential of waste materials in concrete applications, advancing construction industry's move towards sustainable practices and resource conservation.

Objectives

As such, objectives of this research are:

  • To analyse elemental composition of CETP sludge through EDAX analysis.
  • To assess physical and mechanical properties of CETP sludge for suitability in concrete applications.
  • To investigate potential of CETP sludge as a fine aggregate substitute in concrete with varying replacement percentages.
  • To determine optimal CETP sludge percentage in concrete by evaluating its impact on mechanical properties and durability.
  • To conduct a range of tests on concrete specimens containing different CETP sludge percentages in both fresh and hardened states, focusing on mechanical strength, durability, and environmental resistance.
  • To evaluate economic feasibility of using CETP sludge in concrete production, considering costs related to waste handling, processing, and overall manufacturing impact.
  • To develop practical recommendation for incorporating CETP sludge into concrete formulation effectively.

Methodology

The methodology for this study involves several key stages to explore the utilization of CETP sludge in concrete production. The first step involves the collection and preparation of CETP sludge samples. Representative samples are obtained from the treatment plant, followed by preparation through drying, grinding, and sieving to ensure uniformity and readiness for analysis. The elemental characterization of CETP sludge is conducted using energy dispersive x-ray analysis (EDAX) to identify both major and trace elements present in the sludge. This provides valuable insights into the chemical composition, which is crucial for understanding the potential effects of these elements on the properties of concrete. Next, the physical and mechanical properties of the CETP sludge are assessed. Physical properties such as density and particle size distribution are measured using appropriate techniques. Mechanical properties, including compressive strength, tensile strength, and flexural strength, are evaluated through standard testing procedures. These data are then correlated to understand the relationships between the physical characteristics of the sludge and its influence on concrete performance. For optimized concrete formulations, concrete mixtures are prepared with varying percentages of CETP sludge (0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, and 50%) as a replacement for fine aggregate. Laboratory tests are conducted to evaluate both fresh properties, such as workability, and hardened properties, including compressive strength, flexural strength, split tensile strength, and durability parameters.


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Figure 2: Flowchart of experimental procedure for CETP sludge-concrete integration

The results from these tests are analysed to identify the optimal percentage of CETP sludge that demonstrates the best performance in terms of mechanical strength and durability. Concrete specimens are cast according to the optimized formulations, and standard tests are performed on the fresh concrete. Mechanical properties are assessed through compressive strength, tensile strength, and flexural strength tests, while durability is evaluated by subjecting the concrete to tests such as sulphate attack, chloride attack, and an alternate wetting and drying test to simulate real-world environmental conditions.

The economic viability of using CETP sludge in concrete production is assessed by collecting data on costs associated with the handling, processing, and incorporation of the sludge into concrete mixes. This helps determine the feasibility of integrating CETP sludge from a cost perspective. Finally, based on the findings, practical recommendations are formulated for the implementation of CETP sludge in concrete formulations. These recommendations aim to promote the sustainable use of industrial waste in concrete production, contributing to both environmental and economic benefits in the construction industry.

Results and Discussion

Energy Dispersive X-Ray Analysis for CETP Sludge

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Figure3: EDAX analysis for CETP sludge


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The energy dispersive x-ray analysis (EDAX) of CETP sludge highlights both beneficial and challenging elements for concrete production, which can inform optimal formulation strategies. Elements such as Chromium (Cr)and Zinc (Zn) are advantageous, as they enhance corrosion resistance, contributing to the durability and lifespan of reinforced concrete structures. Nickel (Ni) further strengthens concrete, improving wear resistance, while Copper (Cu), in trace amounts, boosts the mechanical properties and compressive strength of the mix. Iron (Fe), similarly, reinforces the structural integrity of concrete, enhancing its hardness and wear resistance, making it suitable for high-durability applications. However, some elements in CETP sludge require careful consideration due to their potentially adverse effects. Sodium (Na) can contribute to structural damage and decrease concrete durability if present in excessive amounts. Lead (Pb) and Cadmium (Cd) have a weakening effect, potentially lowering compressive strength and resilience. Additionally, high concentrations of Potassium (K) may lead to alkali-silica reactions (ASR), causing expansion and cracking over time, which could compromise the structural integrity. To safely incorporate CETP sludge in concrete production, controlling these elements concentrations is crucial. Strategies such as limiting sludge content to optimal replacement levels. This approach allows producers to enhance concrete's durability, corrosion resistance, and strength, contributing to cost-effective and sustainable concrete production.

Material Quantities for Concrete with Varying CETP Sludge Replacements

Table 1: Quantity estimation of raw materials per meter cube

Sl. No.Sludge percentageCement in kgCoarse aggregate in kgCETP sludgeFine aggregate in kg
1.0%403.215120672
2.10%403.2151267.2604.8
3.20%403.21512134.44537.56
4.30%403.21512201.6470.4
5.40%403.21512268.8403.2
6.50%403.21512336403.2

Table 1 provides an estimation of raw material quantities per cubic meter of concrete with varying levels of CETP sludge replacing fine aggregate. Starting with a conventional mix that includes 672 kg of fine aggregate,

403.2 kg of cement, and 1512 kg of coarse aggregate, table illustrates how fine aggregate is progressively reduced as CETP sludge is added, while cement and coarse aggregate quantities remain unchanged. With each increase in sludge content, corresponding reduction in fine aggregate quantity creates a balanced mix. For instance, at a low sludge replacement level, concrete mix includes a modest quantity of sludge, while reduction in fine aggregate remains within an optimal range. At highest sludge substitution level, a significant portion of fine aggregate is replaced by CETP sludge, resulting in a mix that maximizes sludge utilization without compromising cement and coarse aggregate ratios. This incremental approach allows for an effective integration of CETP sludge into concrete production, promoting sustainable practices by reducing dependency on natural sand resources.

Physical Properties of Fine Aggregate and CETP Sludge

Table 2: Physical properties of fine aggregate and CETP sludge

Sl. No.TestsFine aggregateCETP sludge
1.Moisture uptake1.05%2.95%
2.Specific gravity2.601.52
3.Fineness modulus2.503.75
4.Loose bulk density1500 g/cc670 g/cc
5.Compacted bulk density1800 g/cc750 g/ cc

This table 2 presents a comparison of physical properties of fine aggregate and CETP sludge. The characteristics assessed include moisture uptake, specific gravity, fineness modulus, and bulk density (both loose and compacted). These properties are critical in evaluating suitability of CETP sludge as a partial replacement for fine aggregate in concrete mixes, as they influence material's performance in terms of workability, strength, and durability.

Slump Test Results for Concrete Mix with Varying CETP Sludge Content

Table 3: A slump cone test was conducted on concrete mixture

Sl. No.Sludge %Slump value in millimeterWater/ Cement ratio
1.0%1100.35
2.10%1080.40
3.20%950.40
4.30%920.50
5.40%800.55
6.50%890.55

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Table 3 presents slump values for concrete mixtures with varying percentages of CETP sludge and their corresponding water-cement (W/C) ratios. The data indicates that as sludge percentage increases, slump values decrease, reflecting a reduction in workability of mix. This is likely due to changes in particle size distribution and specific properties of CETP sludge. Furthermore, W/C ratio increases with sludge content,

influencing the consistency and flow of the mix. Graph 1.2 visually represents this trend, showing a clear decrease in slump values as the percentage of CETP sludge rises, underscoring the impact of higher sludge content on concrete workability. This information is essential for optimizing the mix design, ensuring a balance between workability and strength for practical use in concrete production.

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Figure 4: Graphical representation of concrete slump values (mm)

Mechanical Properties

Table 4: Mechanical properties of concrete with varying CETP sludge percentages

Sl.No.Sludge percentageCompression strength in N/mm2Tensile strength in N/mm2Flexural strength in N/mm2
7 days21 days28 days7 days21 days28 days7 days21 days28 days
1.0%16.4425.7727.111.832.682.971.111.882.18
2.10%9.7718.3321.771.552.42.261.071.531.51
3.20%7.551211.551.131.551.690.721.020.97
4.30%3.115.113.550.700.70.700.260.560.44
5.40%2.662.224.00.280.280.560.210.340.43
6.50%2.663.113.110.140.280.560.240.230.32

The mechanical properties of concrete, as observed through compression, tensile, and flexural strength tests, reveal a significant decline in strength with increasing CETP sludge content. Concrete with 0% sludge content exhibited highest strengths, with compression strength reaching 27.11 N/mm² at 28 days. As sludge percentage increased, all strength parameters (compression, tensile, and flexural) experienced a notable reduction. At 50% sludge replacement, compression strength decreased to just 3.11 N/mm², indicating a substantial decline in structural integrity. However, results show that incorporating up to 10% CETP sludge as a fine aggregate replacement has minimal impact on mechanical properties of concrete, with only a slight reduction in strength. This suggests that 10% sludge can be used effectively in concrete mixtures,

offering a sustainable solution for waste management by utilizing CETP sludge as an alternative to fine aggregates. In addition to enhancing the sustainability of concrete production, the use of CETP sludge helps address waste management concerns, particularly by reducing the environmental impact of sludge disposal. The optimized use of 10% CETP sludge can thus strike a balance between maintaining adequate concrete performance and promoting eco-friendly practices in construction. These findings encourage further research into optimizing sludge content and other waste materials for future concrete formulations.

Durability Parameters

Table 5:

Sl. No.Sludge percentageCompression strength in MpaAlternative wetting and drying testSulphate attack testChloride attack test
1.0%27.1128.0028.4427.50
2.10%21.7725.3324.4423.12
3.20%11.5518.6616.1413.84
4.30%3.557.555.335.60
5.40%4.004.444.002.43
6.50%3.112.662.552.20

The durability results in Table 5 and Graph 7 indicate that concrete with 10% CETP sludge replacement shows reasonable resistance to sulfate and chloride attacks as well as alternative wetting and drying cycles, maintaining a compression strength of 21.77 MPa.


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Higher sludge percentages, however, lead to significant reductions in durability and strength, making 10% an optimal balance for durability in concrete mixes.

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Conclusion

  • EDAX analysis shows that beneficial elements (Chromium, Zinc, Copper) enhance concrete's corrosion resistance and strength, while detrimental elements (Sodium, Lead, Cadmium) must be controlled to avoid negative impacts on concrete properties.
  • Increasing CETP sludge percentage reduces compressive, tensile, and flexural strengths, with a 10% replacement offering the optimal balance between strength and sustainability.
  • A 10% CETP sludge replacement in concrete provides optimal durability, showing good resistance to sulphate, chloride attacks, and alternate wetting-drying cycles, while higher percentages significantly reduce durability.
  • Using CETP sludge as a partial fine aggregate replacement reduces reliance on natural sand, promoting sustainability and supporting cost-effective production through optimized material quantities.
  • A 10% replacement of fine aggregate with CETP sludge optimally balances environmental benefits with acceptable mechanical properties, making it a viable option for concrete production.

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4. Loganayagan, et al. (2020). Experimental study on concrete by partial replacement of fine aggregate by textile effluent treatment plant sludge. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 764.


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5. Rahman, Md. Mostafizur, et al. (2017). Textile effluent treatment plant sludge: Characterization and utilization in building materials. Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering, 42, 1435-1442.
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9. Wang, Lei, et al. (2018). A novel type of controlled low strength material derived from alum sludge and green materials. Construction and Building Materials, 165, 792-800.
10. Raghunathan, et al. (2010). Study on strength of concrete with ETP sludge from dyeing industry. International Journal of Civil and Structural Engineering, 1, 379-389.
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13. Jayakumar, P., et al. (2013). Experimental investigation on paver blocks using steel slag as partial replacement of aggregate and sludge as partial replacement of cement.


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